With the development of China's automobile industry, the second-hand car market has become an important part of the automobile market. In recent years, China's second-hand car market increases at an annual rate of 20%-30%. However, compared with the mature second-hand car market abroad, China's second-hand car market is still in its primary stage. Based on the comparison of second-hand car evaluation systems in China and abroad, this paper discusses the construction of second-hand car evaluation system in China according to the actual situation of China's second-hand car market.
I. Overview of foreign second-hand car evaluation system
In the developed countries of automobile industry, the second-hand car market has become a very mature market, and the second-hand car transaction volume occupies a considerable proportion in the automobile transaction. In the US, for example, the volume of used cars traded in 2004 was 2.5 times that of new cars.
1. Japan's used car evaluation system
In 1966, Japan established the Japan Evaluation Association, which played an important role in standardizing the evaluation behavior of second-hand cars. According to the regulation of Japan evaluation association, in order to get a used car appraisal qualifications, must be used car dealerships, to evaluate association for implementing appraisal business, after evaluating association to evaluate, to evaluate business confirmation, and hang up in store "implementation appraisal business shop" sign. The sales shop should have professional appraisers who have passed the skills examination organized by the appraisal Association. The appraisers are divided into large appraisers and small appraisers. Appraisers are qualified for three years and can be promoted through further education.
The formula for calculating the price of used cars in Japan is as follows: Evaluation price: basic evaluation and valuation - standard maintenance cost and standard miscellaneous cost - adjustment point of each company - plus or minus point. Among them: the basic appraisal is based on the guidance manual issued by the appraisal association, through the second-hand car market information system calculated.
The Japan Appraisal Association publishes a monthly price Guide, commonly known as the Silver Book, in which retail prices are published by region (the country is divided into three regions). In addition, a Yellow Book with retail and wholesale prices is published in the Yokohama area of Tokyo.
In Japan, owners of old cars are required to be truthfully informed of their restoration history. "In addition to registration of the brand name and purpose, a special record of the vehicle's mileage is also required." Detailed records are made of the repair history of the vehicle side beam and the hidden dangers that do not meet the safety standards and need to be repaired, and the Vehicle Condition Evaluation Book is attached. At the same time, each used car can enjoy one year or 25,000 kilometers of after-sales maintenance service in the country; Buyers who are not satisfied can return the car within 10 days or 500 kilometers of its sale.
2. The used car evaluation system in the United States
The number one reason used cars are so popular in the U.S. is that used-car programs typically include qualifying quality requirements, stringent testing standards, quality-improvement guarantees, transfer guarantees, and delivery schemes that match new-car sales. Even certification by some big car companies offers the same benefits as a new car. Rate of car loans.
Generally, the pricing method for second-hand cars in the United States is to compile a General Price Catalog for the owned brand cars, which includes the date of production, brand, model, mileage, etc. The clerk at the store can give a more reasonable price by looking through the catalogue. In addition, there are many factors affecting the price of a car, such as whether there has been an accident, whether there is a record of overhaul and whether there are scratches on the body, etc., these factors will make the price of the car up and down. In order to avoid inaccurate information in the second-hand car market, there is a certain trial period for buying second-hand cars to avoid consumers being deceived. Gm, for example, requires a national warranty of one to two years for used cars under seven years old, the same as for new cars. In addition, all used cars sold at dealerships must have a technical certificate issued by the government before they can be used on the road. These practices are an important reason for the prosperity of the used-car market in the United States.
3. Mexico's used car evaluation system
The used car market in Mexico is strictly supervised and regulated by the relevant authorities. In addition to the laws and regulations governing the operation of ordinary goods, it must also comply with the regulations governing specific industries. The most binding of these regulations is a special regulation on the protection of consumer interests that used car owners must abide by. According to the regulations, used car operators must provide consumers with details of the mechanical properties and legal driving performance of the vehicles they sell, and sign formal sales contracts with consumers to prevent fraud and misleading behavior in the sales process. According to the regulation, owners of used cars must carry out strict mechanical testing and maintenance of more than 250 key parts of the vehicles they buy, and the vehicles they sell must have good internal appearance, be safe and reliable, and the vehicle certificates must be completed. When signing a contract, it is necessary to indicate the specific condition and legality of the used car, including model, body color, license plate, car number, engine number, mileage, mechanical performance, car tax and car license, etc. The contract also has the expiration period, warranty conditions, penalties for breach of contract and other items, and put on record in the vehicle management department. Mexico has specialized in the purchase of used cars, maintenance and sales of business places, trading and operating legal norms, the sale of safe and reliable vehicles, genuine price.
4. Swiss used car evaluation system
Switzerland's second-hand car evaluation system is called The Unotes evaluation system, which is formulated by the Association of second-hand cars. The evaluation of any second-hand car is determined by this set of scientific evaluation system. The sales price of the second-hand car is determined by the technical personnel of the technical testing department, and the test list is drawn up. Then the appraisal of the car is made. The seller finally determines the actual sales price of the second-hand car according to the appraisal of the second-hand car and the original sales price. Used car owners can get a two-year warranty. This commitment is held not only in Switzerland, but throughout Europe. If the owner resells within 2 years, the warranty period can also be transferred to another owner with the replacement of the owner. This not only removes the car owners' worries about buying second-hand cars, but also promotes the sales of second-hand cars to some extent.
II, problems existing in China's second-hand car market
First of all, due to the serious information asymmetry in China's second-hand car market, the value evaluation of second-hand cars is more random, which is the main reason that restricts the development of China's second-hand car market. In second-hand car trading, consumers are the vulnerable group of information and cannot obtain the vehicle's technical status, price, driving distance, repair experience and other information comprehensively. In order to gain profits, sellers often hide the defects of second-hand cars. At present, many second-hand car markets in China do not have the ability and facilities to evaluate and price, and second-hand car sellers are often unable to provide the maintenance history and detailed vehicle condition inspection report of the car, and consumers will face the risks of quality, price fraud and illegal vehicle purchase when buying second-hand cars. In the process of trading, the phenomenon of "private sale of public, high valuation, public sale of private, low valuation" occurs from time to time, which not only disrupts the market order, causes the loss of state-owned assets and tax revenue, affects the normal development of judicial justice and related businesses, but also makes the legitimate rights and interests of consumers can not be protected, and inhibits effective demand. It also makes it possible for smuggled cars, assembled cars and scrapped cars to re-enter the society, creating conditions for "black box operation."
In addition, there are no evaluation standards and norms for second-hand car appraisal and evaluation in China. In the appraisal and evaluation process, detection equipment is rarely used, mainly relying on the visual inspection of appraisers, which is very arbitrary. Most second-hand car trading markets take the appraisal price as the basis of charging transaction fees. The appraisal price often differs greatly from the actual transaction price, so it is difficult to guarantee the fairness of the appraisal result.
Iii. Suggestions on the establishment of second-hand car evaluation system in China
The establishment of second-hand car evaluation system in China is of great significance to the development of second-hand car market. According to statistics, China conducted appraisals and appraisals on 6 million motor vehicles in 2004, with a total value of more than 25 billion yuan. The appraisal and appraisal of second-hand cars increase by 25% every year. Therefore, the appraisal and appraisal process of second-hand cars is not only a process of resetting the original value and forming the realistic value, but also implies many profound meanings. First of all, second-hand cars enter the market for re-circulation, according to the relevant provisions of the state should pay certain taxes and fees. Therefore, the accuracy of second-hand car evaluation is directly related to national tax revenue and fiscal revenue. Second, more than 50% of the vehicles in China are owned by the state and collectives, so the evaluation of second-hand cars is to a large extent the evaluation of state-owned assets, and the evaluation results are directly related to the loss of state-owned assets. Third, China has strict regulations on second-hand cars entering the market for re-circulation, and the appraisal and evaluation process is an important means to prevent illegal transactions.
1. Strengthen the training and re-education of used car appraisers
The evaluation process of second-hand car is a very complicated process with many influencing factors. Therefore, higher requirements are put forward for second-hand car appraisers. First of all, the scope of knowledge should be wide. The theories and methods of automobile appraisal and evaluation are based on asset appraisal, involving economic management, marketing, finance, price, accounting, mechanical principle, automobile construction and other knowledge. Secondly, strong policy, not only to be familiar with the Auction Law, State-owned Assets Evaluation management Measures, Automobile scrap standards, Second-hand Car Trading management measures and other policies and regulations, but also to master the relevant provisions of vehicle management and relevant supporting measures. Again, the practice and skill levels, demands from personnel of course of study will not only drive a motor vehicle, but also to be able to use testing instrument and equipment, and can through the visual, listening to the sounds and touch means to determine basic situation of the second-hand car appearance, assembly through road test to judge the engine and transmission system, steering system and brake system, the performance of the circuit, oil, Even the function and replacement of the main parts of the motor vehicle should also have a certain understanding. Finally, it is necessary to grasp the market dynamics. At present, the automobile products are updated quickly, the structure is upgraded, and the technological innovation is emerging in endlessly. In addition, the market situation is changeable and unpredictable under the condition of market economy, so that the second-hand car appraisal and evaluation work has a strong dynamic and timeliness. It requires practitioners not only to master the relevant original book value, net value and historical basis of procedures, but also to make accurate evaluation results based on the actual price and quotation of the base date of evaluation.
To standardize the appraisal and evaluation behavior of second-hand car market, it is necessary to train a large number of qualified second-hand car appraisers. By June 2004, there were more than 8,000 appraisal and evaluation appraisers nationwide, including more than 500 senior appraisers, which is seriously insufficient for China's huge second-hand car market. In addition, the second-hand car market is developing very rapidly, and the evaluation methods and evaluation standards are constantly updated. It is necessary to establish a retraining system for second-hand car appraisers, cancel the lifetime professional qualification system, so that second-hand car appraisers continue to receive re-education to adapt to the development of the market.
2. Establish an independent third-party appraisal and evaluation agency
In order to safeguard the interests of both sides of second-hand car trade, it is necessary to make second-hand car appraisal and evaluation more open and transparent. Relevant state departments have carried out the pilot work of separating the second-hand car appraisal and evaluation from the second-hand car trading market in 15 provinces and cities, including Hubei and Tianjin, and achieved good results. However, due to historical reasons, relevant units in some regions are still reluctant to withdraw from the appraisal and evaluation of second-hand cars. Although some newly established institutions are independent of trading in form, they still have close relations in fact. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a truly independent third-party appraisal and evaluation agency for the fairness, fairness and transparency of second-hand car appraisal and evaluation.
3. Establish unified appraisal and evaluation standards for second-hand cars
Human factors play a leading role in the appraisal and evaluation of second-hand cars in China. The second-hand car appraisal and evaluation industry is not unified, standardized and scientific. Many used car markets still use the simple average life depreciation method to evaluate value. Therefore, it is particularly important to establish a set of evaluation standards and methods that are really suitable for China's second-hand car market. This requires scientific research institutions, regulatory authorities and production enterprises to jointly formulate evaluation standards and fundamentally regulate the second-hand car appraisal and evaluation business in China.
4. Establish a corresponding supervision mechanism
Establish a standard system of used car appraisal and evaluation, including legal norms and standards, to guide the industry to develop toward legalization, rationalization and effectiveness; In the appropriate time to establish a top-down second-hand car appraisal and evaluation association, the implementation of industry self-discipline management.
5. Establish second-hand car appraisal and evaluation information system
For a long time, the identification and evaluation of second-hand cars in China are basically handled by hand, and appraisers have to spend a lot of time collecting, sorting, analyzing and storing all kinds of information. Applying computer technology and information technology to the appraisal work, establish a used car appraisal information system, can deal with the information easily and quickly, reduce the labor intensity of appraisal personnel, improve the work efficiency, the focus shifted to the analysis of the information, judgment, decision-making, and other creative work.
In addition, the second-hand car appraisal and valuation information system is established on the basis of analyzing the manual appraisal and valuation work and repeatedly exploring the rules of information processing in appraisal and valuation, which reflects the practical experience of appraisal and valuation work and has a certain scientific nature. Used car appraisal information system, can be used to overcome the current used in the evaluation to a great extent, dependent on personal level and experience of a evaluation, reduce manual is easy to occur during the process of processing information, and use different evaluation methods validation evaluation results with each other, so as to improve the accuracy of evaluation results.
Through the comparison of second-hand car evaluation system at home and abroad, we can clearly understand the development direction of second-hand car evaluation system, and establish a real second-hand car evaluation system in line with China's national conditions. It is of great significance to active second-hand car market, promote the healthy growth of second-hand car market and the rapid development of the automobile industry.
